Izixhobo zokwakha zezona zinto ziphambili zokwakha, nto leyo echaza iimpawu zesakhiwo, isitayile, kunye nemiphumo yaso. Izixhobo zokwakha zemveli ziquka amatye, umthi, izitena zodongwe, ilayimu, kunye negypsum, ngelixa izixhobo zokwakha zanamhlanje ziquka intsimbi, isamente, ikhonkrithi, iglasi kunye neplastiki. Ngayinye kuzo ineempawu zayo ezahlukileyo kwaye idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwakheni.
Izixhobo zokwakha zemveli
1. Ilitye
Ilitye lelinye lawona matye okuqala okwakhiwa asetyenziswa kwimbali yoluntu. Aneendawo ezininzi zokugcina izinto, ukusasazwa ngokubanzi, isakhiwo esihle, amandla aphezulu okucinezelwa, ukumelana namanzi kakuhle, ukuqina, kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka okuhle. INtshona Yurophu yayikhe yasebenzisa amatye kakhulu kwizakhiwo, kunye nemizekelo ephawulekayo equka iPalace yaseVersailles eFransi kunye neNdlu yePalamente yaseBritane. Ukongeza, iiphiramidi zaseYiputa zakhiwa kusetyenziswa iibhloko ezinkulu zamatye ezisikiweyo ngokuchanekileyo. Uyilo lwamatye lune-aura yobukhulu, isidima, kunye nobuhle. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yoxinano lwayo oluphezulu kunye nobunzima, izakhiwo zamatye zihlala zineendonga ezixineneyo, nto leyo enciphisa umlinganiselo wendawo yomgangatho wesakhiwo. Nangona kunjalo, ingasetyenziswa njengophawu lobunewunewu kwizakhiwo ezikumgangatho ophezulu, idala iziphumo zobugcisa ezikhethekileyo.
2. Umthi
Umthi, njengezinto zokwakha zemveli, uneempawu ezinje ngokukhanya, amandla aphezulu, ubuhle obuhle, ukusebenza kakuhle, ukuhlaziya, ukuphinda usetyenziswe, kunye nokuba nobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo ngaphandle kongcoliseko. Ke ngoko, izakhiwo zomthi zibonisa uzinzo oluhle kakhulu kunye nokumelana nokunyikima. Nangona kunjalo, umthi osetyenziswa ekwakheni nawo uza neengxaki. Uyakwazi ukuguquka, ukuqhekeka, ukukhula komngundo, kunye nokuhlaselwa zizinambuzane. Ngaphezu koko, usengozini yomlilo, nto leyo enokuchaphazela umgangatho kunye nokuqina kwawo.
Umthi ube zizinto zokwakha ezihlala zihleli ngenxa yeempawu zawo zoomatshini eziphezulu kwaye usetyenziswe kakhulu kwimisebenzi yokwakha ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Ezinye izakhiwo ezifana neenxalenye zeTempile yaseNanchan kunye neTempile yaseFoguang kwiNtaba yaseWutai eTshayina zisebenza njengabameli abaqhelekileyo bezakhiwo. Ezi zakhiwo zinemiqolomba ethambileyo, engaguquguqukiyo, iingcango ezinkulu, izibiyeli ezibonakalayo, kunye nesitayile esizolileyo nesilula.
Kwiiprojekthi zobunjineli bokwakha zanamhlanje, izinto ezifana neebhari, iintsika, izixhaso, iingcango, iifestile, kwaneemold zekhonkrithi zixhomekeke kumthi. Njengezinto zokwakha eziphefumlayo, umthi unika ubushushu ebusika kunye nokuphola ehlotyeni, ngaloo ndlela udala indawo efanelekileyo yokuhlala ebantwini.
Itempile yaseNanchan, eTshayina
3. Izitena zodongwe
Izitena zodongwe luhlobo lwezixhobo zokwakha ezenziwe ngabantu. Kangangexesha elide, izitena zodongwe eziqhelekileyo beziyeyona nto iphambili eludongeni lokwakha izindlu eTshayina. Izitena zodongwe zibonakaliswa bubuncinci bazo, ubunzima obulula, ukulula kokwakhiwa, ukuma okucwangcisiweyo nokuqhelekileyo, amandla okuthwala umthwalo, amandla okugcina ubushushu kunye nokulungisa, kunye nokuhombisa kwazo ubuso. Ukuzisebenzisa ekwakheni kudlale indima ebalulekileyo ekudaleni iindawo zokuhlala zabantu. ISixeko Esingavumelekanga sisixhobo esiqhelekileyo sokwakha esisebenzisa izitena zodongwe. Izitena zodongwe ezimile okwesiqhelo ezisetyenziselwa ubuso obungaphandle zinegalelo kwisiphumo sobugcisa esimangalisayo seSixeko Esingavumelekanga. Nangona kunjalo, izinto eziluhlaza zezitena zodongwe ludongwe lwendalo, kwaye imveliso yazo ibandakanya ukuncama umhlaba olimekayo. Kancinci kancinci, zithathelwe indawo zezinye izinto. Nangona kunjalo, indawo yazo kwimbali yoyilo lwabantu ayisayi kuze icinywe.
4. Ilayimu
Ilayimu, njengesixhobo sokwakha sendabuko, yaziwa ngokuba yiplastiki eqinileyo, inkqubo yokuqina kancinci, amandla aphantsi emva kokuqina, kunye nokuncipha okukhulu komthamo ngexesha lokuqina. Iminyaka yayo engamawaka yembali ingqina ukuthembana nokuthembela koluntu kule nto. Ilayimu isalokhu iyinto ebalulekileyo yokwakha, isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiiprojekthi ezahlukeneyo zokwakha kunye namashishini, njengokuplasta ngaphakathi, ukuxuba i-lime mortar kunye ne-grout, kunye nokulungisa izitena ze-adobe kunye nezodaka.
Ngokufanayo, i-gypsum, esinye sezixhobo zokwakha zemveli zakudala, inezixhobo ezininzi eziluhlaza, inkqubo elula yokuvelisa, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi kwemveliso, ukufunxwa komswakama okunamandla, ukufikeleleka, kunye nobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo. Ifanelekile ngokukodwa kwiindawo zangaphakathi zezakhiwo zanamhlanje, imihombiso, kunye neeprojekthi zokugqiba. Ukongeza, isetyenziselwa kakhulu ukwenza i-gypsum plaster kunye neemveliso ze-gypsum.
Izixhobo zokwakha zanamhlanje
5. Intsimbi
Intsimbi idlala indima ebalulekileyo kuyilo lwezakhiwo lwanamhlanje njengezinto zokwakha. Intsimbi ineempawu ezibalaseleyo ezifana nokukhanya okukhaphukhaphu kodwa okunamandla aphezulu, ukuqina okuhle kunye nokuqina, ukhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka, inqanaba eliphezulu lophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso, isantya sokwakha esikhawulezayo, ukudilizwa okulula, iimpawu ezilungileyo zokuvala, kunye nokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu. Ezi mpawu ziphezulu zenza ukuba ibe yimfuneko kuyilo lwezakhiwo lwanamhlanje, olusetyenziswa kakhulu kwizakhiwo zentsimbi ezinkulu ezifana nezikhululo zeenqwelo-moya kunye namabala emidlalo, izakhiwo zentsimbi eziphakamileyo kubandakanya iihotele kunye nezakhiwo zeeofisi, izakhiwo ezinde ezifana neenqaba zikamabonwakude kunye nonxibelelwano, izakhiwo zentsimbi yeshelufu yepleyiti ezifana neetanki ezinkulu zokugcina ioyile kunye neetanki zegesi, izakhiwo zentsimbi yefektri yemizi-mveliso, izakhiwo zentsimbi ezikhaphukhaphu ezifana neendawo zokugcina impahla ezincinci, izakhiwo zentsimbi yebhulorho, kunye nezakhiwo zentsimbi zezinto ezihambayo ezifana neelifti kunye neekhreyini.
6. Isamente
Isamente, njengezinto zokwakha zanamhlanje, ifumana ukusetyenziswa okukhulu kwimizi-mveliso, ezolimo, imithombo yamanzi, ezothutho, uphuhliso lwedolophu, izibuko, kunye nolwakhiwo lokhuselo. Kwixesha lanamhlanje, iye yaba zizinto zokwakha eziyimfuneko kuyo nayiphi na iprojekthi yokwakha. Isamente sisixhobo esenziwe ngomgubo esingaphiliyo, xa sixutywe namanzi, senza intlama ethambileyo nethambileyo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, le ntlama yesamente idlula kutshintsho lwendalo kunye neekhemikhali, iguquka ukusuka kwintlama ethambileyo ibe yinto eqinileyo enomgangatho othile wamandla. Ingadibanisa kunye izinto eziqinileyo okanye izinto ezinamaqhekeza ukwenza isakhiwo esidibeneyo. Isamente ayiqini nje kuphela kwaye ifumane amandla xa ivezwa emoyeni kodwa inokuqina nasemanzini, igcine kwaye iphucule amandla ayo. Isamente isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiiprojekthi zokwakha, kunye noluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo kubunjineli bokwakha, iziseko zeoyile negesi, ukwakhiwa kwamadama, ukwakhiwa kwamatshe, ukwakhiwa kweendlela, nokunye.
7. Ikhonkrithi
Ikhonkrithi, njengezinto zokwakha zanamhlanje, idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwiiprojekthi zokwakha zanamhlanje. Ikhonkrithi zizinto zokwakha ezenziwe ngokuxuba izinto ezibophayo ezifana nodongwe, ilayimu, igypsum, uthuthu lwentaba-mlilo, okanye i-asphalt yendalo eneziqwenga ezifana nesanti, i-slag, kunye namatye atyumkileyo. Ineempawu ezintle kakhulu, kubandakanya ukuhlangana okuqinileyo, ukuqina, kunye nokumelana namanzi. Nangona kunjalo, ikhonkrithi ithathwa njengezinto ezibuthathaka ezinamandla aphezulu okucinezelwa kodwa amandla aphantsi kakhulu okutsalwa, okwenza ukuba iqhekezeke lula.
Ngokungeniswa kwesamente kunye nentsimbi, kwafunyaniswa ukuba ukudibanisa ezi zinto kunike amandla angcono okubopha kwaye kwavumela ukuba zihambelane nobuthathaka bomnye nomnye ngelixa zisebenzisa amandla azo. Ngokufaka ukuqinisa intsimbi kwikhonkrithi, ayikhuseli nje kuphela intsimbi ekuchatshazelweni emoyeni, ithintela ukugqwala kodwa ikwaphucula amandla okuxinana kwenxalenye yesakhiwo. Oku kukhokelele ekuphuhlisweni kwekhonkrithi eqinisiweyo, yandisa uluhlu lwezicelo zekhonkrithi ekwakheni.
Xa kuthelekiswa nezakhiwo zemveli zezitena namatye, izakhiwo zomthi, kunye nezakhiwo zentsimbi, izakhiwo zekhonkrithi ziye zaphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza kwaye ziye zaba zezona zinto ziphambili zokwakha kubunjineli bokwakha. Ngaphezu koko, iintlobo zekhonkrithi ezisebenza kakuhle kunye neentlobo ezintsha zekhonkrithi ziyaqhubeka nokukhula kwicandelo lokwakha.
8. Iglasi
Ngaphezu koko, iglasi kunye neplastiki, njengezixhobo zokwakha zanamhlanje ezintsha, zihlala zisetyenziswa kwiiprojekthi zokwakha zanamhlanje. Iglasi inokuhlangabezana neemfuno zokukhanyisa emini, ukuhombisa, kunye noyilo lwefacade, ihambelana neemfuno zokonga amandla zoyilo lwanamhlanje. Iglasi isetyenziswa phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zokwakha ngenxa yeentlobo zayo ezahlukeneyo, ezifana neglasi eqinisiweyo, iglasi eqinisiweyo, iglasi egqunywe nge-insulation, iglasi elaminethiweyo, iglasi enemibala, iglasi egqunywe nge-coated, iglasi enepatheni, iglasi engatshiyo, iglasi ye-vacuum, nokunye.
IShanghai-Poly-Grand-Theatre
9. Iplastiki
Iplastiki ludidi olutsha lwezinto zokwakha, ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okugqwesileyo, uluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, kunye namathuba athembisayo, ithathwa njengodidi lwesine oluphambili lwezixhobo zokwakha emva kwentsimbi, isamente, kunye nomthi kulwakhiwo lwanamhlanje. Iplastiki inoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, ukusuka eluphahleni ukuya kumphezulu womhlaba, kunye nezibonelelo zikawonke-wonke zangaphandle ukuya kwizinto zokuhombisa zangaphakathi. Okwangoku, ezona zicelo zixhaphakileyo zeplastiki kulwakhiwo zezemibhobho yamanzi kunye nemibhobho yokuhambisa amanzi, imibhobho yokuhambisa igesi, kunye neengcango kunye neefestile zePVC, kulandele iingcingo zombane kunye neentambo.
Enye yeenzuzo ezibalulekileyo zeplastiki kukuba zinamandla okonga amandla, apho imveliso nokusetyenziswa kweemveliso zeplastiki kusetyenziswa amandla aphantsi kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izixhobo zokwakha. Ngenxa yoko, iiplastiki ngoku zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiiprojekthi ezahlukeneyo zokwakha uphahla, udonga, kunye nomgangatho. Icandelo leeplastiki zokwakha lihlala liguqukela ekusebenzeni okuphezulu, ukusebenza okuphuculweyo, ukuguquguquka, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko.
10. Isitywini sesilicone
I-silicone sealant yinto efana nentlama eyenziwe ngokuxuba i-polydimethylsiloxane njengezinto eziphambili ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye nee-agents ezidibanisayo, izizalisi, iiplastiki, ii-agents zokudibanisa, kunye nee-catalysts phantsi kweemeko ze-vacuum. Kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, iyaphilisa kwaye yenze irabha ye-silicone elastic ngokusebenzisa i-reaction enomswakama emoyeni. Isetyenziselwa ukubopha kunye nokuvala iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeglasi kunye nezinye izinto ezisetyenziswayo. Okwangoku, i-Eolya inikezela ngee-sealants ezisebenzayo ezininzi, kubandakanya i-glass sealant, i-sealant engamelani nemozulu, i-sealant engamelani nomlilo, i-stone sealant, i-metal joint sealant, i-mold-resistant sealant, kunye ne-insulated glass sealant, phakathi kwezinye, ezifumaneka kwiintlobo ezininzi kunye neenkcukacha.
11. Ifoam yePolyurethane (iFoam yePU)
Njengohlobo olutsha lwezinto zokwakha, i-polyurethane foam ifumene ingqwalasela ebanzi kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Yenziwe kwiimonomers ezifana nee-isocyanates kunye nee-polyols ngokusebenzisa i-polymerization reaction, kunye negesi ye-carbon dioxide evelisiweyo esebenza njenge-agent ye-foam. Le reaction ivelisa i-microcellular foam eyakhiwe ngokuqinileyo. I-Polyurethane foam ihlulwe kakhulu kwi-rigid polyurethane foam, i-flexible polyurethane foam, kunye ne-semi-rigid polyurethane foam. Ngokungafaniyo nesakhiwo se-closed-cell se-rigid polyurethane foam, i-flexible polyurethane foam inesakhiwo se-open-cell, esibonakaliswa bukukhanya kwayo, ukuphefumla, kunye nokuqina okuhle. I-semi-rigid polyurethane foam luhlobo lwe-open-cell ye-foam enobunzima phakathi kwe-soft and rigid foam, kwaye inexabiso eliphezulu lomthwalo wokucinezela. I-rigid polyurethane foam, izinto ezintsha ezenziweyo ezinemisebenzi ye-insulation kunye ne-waterproofing, ine-thermal conductivity ephantsi kunye noxinano oluncinci, ngaloo ndlela isetyenziswa njenge-insulation kunye nezinto zokuthintela ubushushu ekwakheni.
Xa kuthelekiswa nezinto zokwakha zemveli, i-polyurethane foam ineengenelo ezibalaseleyo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya ukusebenza kakuhle kokugquma, ukumelana nomlilo okunamandla, ukumelana namanzi aphezulu, kunye neempawu zoomatshini ezizinzileyo. Ingafakwa kwindawo ngokuphosa okanye ukutshiza ukuze yenze umaleko wokugquma oqhubekayo, kwaye ifumene ukusetyenziswa okukhulu ekwakheni ngaphandle, uphahla, umgangatho, iingcango, iifestile, kunye neenethiwekhi zemibhobho yokufudumeza.
Xa kuthelekiswa nezixhobo zokwakha zemveli nezanamhlanje, ngenxa yokuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji kunye neemfuno zokwakha eziguqukayo, izixhobo zokwakha zanamhlanje zibonelela ngeengenelo ezingaphezulu kunezemveli. Ngenxa yoko, zithathe indawo ephambili kuyilo lwezakhiwo lwanamhlanje, ngelixa izixhobo zokwakha zemveli zisetyenziswa kwindima eyongezelelweyo. Izixhobo zokwakha zanamhlanje ezifana nentsimbi, isamente, ikhonkrithi, iglasi, kunye nezinto ezidityanisiweyo ziye zaphula imida yemilo kunye nobukhulu obubekwe zizixhobo zemveli ezifana nelitye, umthi, izitena zodongwe, kunye ne-gypsum yelayimu. Ziye zanceda uphuhliso lwezakhiwo eziphakamileyo, ezinzulu kwaye zahlangabezana neemfuno zokwakha ezidolophini, zihambelana neendlela zokukhusela okusingqongileyo kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla kuluntu lwanamhlanje.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-31-2023
