Izinto zokwakha zizinto eziphambili zokwakha, ezimisela iimpawu zesakhiwo, isimbo, kunye nemiphumo. Izinto zokwakha eziqhelekileyo ziquka ilitye, umthi, izitena zodongwe, ikalika, negypsum, ngoxa izinto zokwakha zale mihla ziquka intsimbi, isamente, ikhonkrithi, iglasi neeplastiki. Ngamnye kubo uneempawu ezahlukileyo kwaye udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwakheni.
Izinto zokwakha zemveli
1. Ilitye
Ilitye sesinye sezixhobo zokwakha zamandulo ezazisetyenziswa kwimbali yoluntu. Ibonisa ugcino oluninzi, usasazo olubanzi, ulwakhiwo oluhle, amandla acinezelayo aphezulu, ukuxhathisa okulungileyo kwamanzi, ukuqina, kunye nokumelana okugqwesileyo kokunxiba. INtshona Yurophu yayikhe yasetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngamatye kwizakhiwo, kunye nemizekelo ephawulekayo equka iBhotwe elihle laseVersailles eFransi kunye neNdlu yePalamente yaseBritane. Ukongezelela, iiphiramidi zaseYiputa zazakhiwe kusetyenziswa amatye amakhulu asikwe ngokuchanekileyo. Uyilo lwamatye luthwele i-aura yobungangamsha, imbeko, kunye nozuko. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yobuninzi bayo kunye nobunzima, izakhiwo zamatye zivame ukuba neendonga ezityebileyo, ezinciphisa umlinganiselo wendawo yomgangatho wesakhiwo. Nangona kunjalo, inokusetyenziswa njengophawu lokunethezeka kuyilo lwe-upscale, ukudala iziphumo ezizodwa zobugcisa.
2. Iinkuni
Umthi, njengemathiriyeli yokwakha yemveli, uneempawu ezinjengobunzima, ukomelela okuphezulu, ukutsala umdla wobuhle, ukusebenza kakuhle, ukuhlaziya, ukusebenziseka kwakhona, kunye nokuba nobuhlobo kokusingqongileyo ngaphandle kongcoliseko. Ke ngoko, izakhiwo zezakhiwo zokhuni zibonisa uzinzo oluhle kakhulu kunye nokuchasana kwe-seismic. Nangona kunjalo, iinkuni ezisetyenziselwa ukwakha nazo ziza kunye neengxaki. Ithanda ukuqhekeka, ukuqhekeka, ukukhula komngundo, kunye nokuhlaselwa zizinambuzane. Ngaphezu koko, iyakwazi ukutshiswa ngumlilo, onokuchaphazela umgangatho wayo kunye nokuqina kwayo.
Ukhuni lube yinto yokwakha engapheliyo ngenxa yeempawu zayo eziphezulu zemishini kwaye isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwimisebenzi yokwakha ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Izakhiwo ezithile ezifana neenxalenye zeTempile yaseNanchan kunye neTempile yaseFoguang kwiNtaba yeWutai eChina zisebenza njengabameli bokwakha abaqhelekileyo. Ezi zakhiwo zinethambeka elithambileyo, elingaguqukiyo, i-eves ebanzi, izibiyeli ezibalaseleyo, kunye nesimbo esindilekileyo nesilula.
Kwiiprojekthi zobunjineli zale mihla, izinto ezinje ngemiqadi, iintsika, izixhaso, iingcango, iifestile, kunye nokubumba kwekhonkrithi kuxhomekeke emthini. Njengesixhobo sokwakha esiphefumlayo, iinkuni zibonelela ngokufudumala ebusika kunye nokuphola ehlotyeni, ngaloo ndlela kudala eyona ndawo ifanelekileyo yokuhlala abantu.
Itempile yaseNanchan, eTshayina
3. Izitena zodongwe
Izitena zodongwe luhlobo lwemathiriyeli yokwakha eyenziwe ngabantu. Kwangexesha elide, izitena zodongwe eziqhelekileyo ziyinto ephambili yodonga lokwakhiwa kwezindlu eChina. Izitena zodongwe zibonakaliswe ngobungakanani bazo obuncinci, ubunzima obulula, ukukhululeka kokwakhiwa, ukucwangciswa kunye nokumila rhoqo, umthamo wokuthwala umthwalo, amandla okufakelwa kunye nokugcinwa, kunye nokuhlobisa i-facade yabo. Ukuzisebenzisa kulwakhiwo kube nendima ebalulekileyo ekudaleni iindawo zokuhlala zabantu. IsiXeko esiNgavumelekanga ngumboniso oqhelekileyo wokwakha osebenzisa izitena zodongwe. Izitena zodongwe ezimile okwesiqhelo ezisetyenziswa kwifacade yangaphandle zinegalelo kwisiphumo esichukumisayo sobugcisa beSixeko esiNgavumelekanga. Noko ke, izinto ezisetyenziswa kwizitena zodongwe ludongwe lwendalo, yaye ukuveliswa kwazo kubandakanya ukuncama umhlaba olimekayo. Ngokuthe ngcembe, ziye zatshintshwa zezinye izinto. Nangona kunjalo, isikhundla sazo kwimbali yezokwakha yabantu ayisayi kucinywa.
4. Ikalika
Ikalika, njengezinto zokwakha zemveli, yaziwa ngokuba yiplastiki eyomeleleyo, inkqubo yokuqina kancinci, amandla aphantsi emva kokuqina, kunye nokuncipha komthamo omkhulu ngexesha lokuqina. Imbali yayo engamawaka eminyaka ingqina ukuthembela kwabantu nokuthembela kwesi sixhobo. Ikalika isesisixhobo sokwakha esibalulekileyo, esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiiprojekthi ezahlukeneyo zokwakha kunye namashishini, njengokutyabeka ngaphakathi, ukuxuba udaka lwekalika kunye negrout, kunye nokulungisa izitena zeadobe kunye nodaka.
Ngokukwanjalo, igypsum, enye imathiriyeli yokwakha yakudala, iqhayisa ngezinto ezininzi ezikrwada, inkqubo elula yokuvelisa, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi kwemveliso, ukufunxa okuqinileyo kokufuma, ukufikeleleka, kunye nobuhlobo bendalo. Ilungele ngakumbi izahlulo zangaphakathi zoyilo lwangoku, imihombiso, kunye nokugqiba iiprojekthi. Ukongezelela, isetyenziselwa ngokukodwa ukwenza i-gypsum plaster kunye neemveliso zegypsum.
Izinto zokwakha zale mihla
5. Intsimbi
Intsimbi idlala indima ebalulekileyo kuyilo lwangoku njengemathiriyeli yokwakha. Intsimbi ineempawu ezibalaseleyo ezinje ngobunzima obukhaphukhaphu kodwa ukomelela okuphezulu, iplastiki elungileyo kunye nokuqina, ukhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka, inqanaba eliphezulu lokushishina, isantya sokwakha ngokukhawuleza, ukudilizwa ngokulula, iipropathi ezilungileyo zokutywina, kunye nokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu. Ezi mpawu zeprayimari zenza ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu kulwakhiwo lwangoku, olusetyenziswa ikakhulu kwizakhiwo zentsimbi ezinkulu ezifana nezikhululo zeenqwelomoya kunye namabala emidlalo, izakhiwo eziphakamileyo zentsimbi ezibandakanya iihotele kunye nezakhiwo zeofisi, izakhiwo eziphakamileyo ezinjengomabonwakude kunye neenqaba zonxibelelwano, iqokobhe lentsimbi yentsimbi njengeoyile enkulu. Amatanki okugcina kunye namatanki erhasi, izakhiwo zentsimbi zefektri yefektri, izakhiwo zentsimbi ezikhaphukhaphu ezifana neendawo zokugcina iimpahla ezincinci, izakhiwo zentsimbi yebhulorho, kunye nezakhiwo zentsimbi zamacandelo ashukumayo njengeelevators kunye iikhreyini.
6. Isamente
I-samente, njengesixhobo sokwakha sanamhlanje, ifumana izicelo ezibanzi kwimizi-mveliso, kwezolimo, kumthombo wamanzi, ezothutho, uphuhliso lwedolophu, izibuko, kunye nolwakhiwo lokhuselo. Kwixesha langoku, iye yaba yinto eyimfuneko yokwakha kuyo nayiphi na iprojekthi yokwakha. I-samente yimathiriyeli engaphiliyo engumgubo ethi, xa ixutywe namanzi, yenze ulwelo kunye nentlama ethambileyo. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, le ntlama yesamente ifumana utshintsho olubonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali, iguquka ukusuka kwintlama ethambileyo ibe yinto eqinileyo enenqanaba elithile lamandla. Isenokuthi idibanise kunye nobunzima obuqinileyo okanye imathiriyeli yegranular ukwenza ulwakhiwo olumanyeneyo. Isamente ayiqini nje kwaye ifumane amandla xa isemoyeni kodwa inokuqina nasemanzini, igcine kwaye iphucule amandla ayo. Isamente isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiiprojekthi zokwakha, ezinoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo kubunjineli boluntu, iziseko ze-oyile nerhasi, ulwakhiwo lwamadama, ulwakhiwo lwamasuntswana, ulwakhiwo lweendlela, nokunye.
7. Izinto eziphathekayo
Ikhonkrithi, njengemathiriyeli yokwakha yale mihla, idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwiiprojekthi zokwakha zale mihla. Ikhonkrithi yimathiriyeli yokwakha eyenziwe ngokuxuba ii-agent ezibophayo ezifana nodongwe, ikalika, igypsum, uthuthu lwentaba-mlilo, okanye i-asphalt yendalo ehlanganiswe njengesanti, i-slag, kunye nelitye elityumkileyo. Iqhayisa ngeepropathi ezigqwesileyo, kubandakanya ubumbano olomeleleyo, ukuqina, kunye nokumelana namanzi. Nangona kunjalo, ikhonkrithi ithathwa njengesixhobo esibhityileyo esinamandla acinezelayo aphezulu kodwa amandla asezantsi kakhulu, esenza ukuba ithande ukuqhekeka.
Ngokungeniswa kwesamente kunye nentsimbi, kwafunyaniswa ukuba ukudibanisa ezi zixhobo zinika amandla angcono okudibanisa kwaye zabavumela ukuba bancedisane nobuthathaka bomnye nomnye ngelixa besebenzisa amandla abo. Ngokubandakanya ukuqinisa intsimbi kwikhonkrithi, ayikhuseli kuphela intsimbi ekutyhilekeni emoyeni, inqanda ukubola kodwa ikwanyusa ukuqina kwecandelo lolwakhiwo. Oku kwakhokelela kuphuhliso lwekhonkrithi eyomeleziweyo, ukwandisa uluhlu lwezicelo zekhonkrithi ekwakhiweni.
Xa kuthelekiswa nezitena zemveli kunye nezakhiwo zamatye, izakhiwo zokhuni, kunye nezakhiwo zetsimbi, izakhiwo zekhonkrithi ziye zafumana uphuhliso olukhawulezayo kwaye ziye zaba yinto ephambili yobunjineli bombutho. Ngaphezu koko, ukusebenza okuphezulu kwekhonkrithi kunye neentlobo zekhonkrithi ezintsha ziyaqhubeka nokuqhubela phambili kunye nokuvela kwintsimi yolwakhiwo.
8. Iglasi
Ngaphaya koko, iglasi neplastiki, njengezinto zokwakha zale mihla, zisaqhubeka zisetyenziswa kwiiprojekthi zokwakha zale mihla. Iglasi inokuhlangabezana neemfuno zokukhanya emini, ukuhombisa, kunye noyilo lwefacade, ilungelelaniswa neemfuno zokonga amandla kuyilo lwangoku. Iglasi ifumana ukusetyenziswa phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zolwakhiwo ngenxa yeendidi zayo ezahlukeneyo, njengeglasi epholileyo, iglasi epholileyo, iglasi egqunyiweyo, iglasi elayitiweyo, iglasi ebotshiweyo, iglasi enepateni, iglasi engacimi umlilo, iglasi yokucoca, nokunye. .
I-Shanghai-Poly-Grand-Theatre
9. Iplastiki
Iplastiki yiklasi ekhulayo yezinto zokwakha, ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okugqwesileyo, uluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, kunye nethemba elithembisayo, lithathwa njengecandelo lesine elikhulu lezinto zokwakha emva kwentsimbi, i-samente kunye neenkuni kulwakhiwo lwangoku. Iplastiki inomda obanzi wosetyenziso, ukusuka eluphahleni ukuya kumhlaba ophantsi, kwaye ukusuka kumaziko oluntu angaphandle ukuya kwizinto zokuhombisa zangaphakathi. Ngoku, ezona zinto zixhaphakileyo kusetyenziswa iplastiki xa kusakhiwa yeyemibhobho yamanzi neyokuhambisa amanzi, imibhobho yokuhambisa igesi, iingcango neefestile zePVC, kulandele iingcingo zombane neentambo.
Enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo eziluncedo kwiiplastiki kukwazi ukugcina amandla, kunye nokuveliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kweemveliso zeplastiki ezisebenzisa amandla aphantsi kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto zokwakha. Ngenxa yoko, iiplastiki ngoku zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumaphulo awahlukahlukeneyo okwakha uphahla, udonga nomgangatho. Intsimi yeeplastiki zezoyilo isoloko iguqukela ekusebenzeni okuphezulu, ukusebenza okuphuculweyo, ukuguquguquka, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko.
10. I-Silicone sealant
I-Silicone sealant yinto efana ne-paste eyenziwe ngokuxuba i-polydimethylsiloxane njengeyona nto iphambili ekrwada kunye ne-crosslinking agents, iifayili, iiplastiki, i-coupling agents, kunye ne-catalysts phantsi kweemeko ze-vacuum. Kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, iyaphilisa kwaye yenze irabha e-elastic silicone ngokusabela nokufuma emoyeni. Isetyenziselwa ukudibanisa kunye nokutywina iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeglasi kunye nezinye ii-substrates. Okwangoku, i-Eolya ibonelela ngezitywina ezisebenza ngezinto ezininzi, kubandakanya i-glass sealant, i-sealant-resistant sealant, i-sealant yokumelana nomlilo, i-stone sealant, i-metal joint sealant, i-sealant-resistant sealant, i-decorative joint sealant, kunye ne-insulated glass sealant, phakathi kwezinye, ezifumaneka kwiindidi ezininzi kunye iinkcukacha.
11. Ugwebu lwePolyurethane (PU Foam)
Njengohlobo olutsha lwezinto zokwakha, i-polyurethane foam ifumene ingqalelo ebanzi kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Idityaniswe kwii-monomers ezifana ne-isocyanates kunye ne-polyols ngokusebenzisa i-polymerization reaction, kunye negesi ye-carbon dioxide eveliswayo esebenza njenge-arhente yogwebu. Le mpendulo ivelisa i-foam ye-microcellular eyakhiwe ngokuqinileyo. I-polyurethane foam ihlelwa ngokuyintloko ibe yi-polyurethane foam eqinile, i-polyurethane foam eguquguqukayo, kunye ne-semi-rigid polyurethane foam. Ngokungafaniyo nesakhiwo seseli evaliweyo ye-polyurethane foam eqinile, i-polyurethane foam eguquguqukayo inesakhiwo se-open-cell, esibonakala ngokukhaphukhaphu, ukuphefumla, kunye nokomelela okulungileyo. I-semi-rigid polyurethane foam luhlobo lweseli evulekileyo yogwebu enobulukhuni phakathi kwegwebu elithambileyo neliqinileyo, kwaye inexabiso eliphezulu lomthwalo woxinzelelo. I-polyurethane foam eqinile, inoveli yemathiriyeli eyenziweyo ene-insulation kunye nemisebenzi yokuthintela amanzi, inomgangatho ophantsi we-thermal conductivity kunye noxinaniso oluncinci, ngenxa yoko isoloko isetyenziswa njenge-insulation kunye ne-thermal barrier material ekwakheni.
Xa kuthelekiswa nezinto zokwakha zemveli, i-polyurethane foam ineengenelo ezibalaseleyo kwimiba eyahlukeneyo, kubandakanya ukusebenza okugqwesileyo kokugquma, ukumelana nomlilo okuqinileyo, ukuchasana kwamanzi okuphezulu, kunye neempawu ezizinzileyo zoomatshini. Ingasetyenziswa kwisiza ngokuphosa okanye ngokutshiza ukwenza umaleko wokugquma oqhubekayo, kwaye ifumene usetyenziso olubanzi kwisakhiwo sangaphandle, uphahla, imigangatho, iingcango, iifestile, kunye nothungelwano lwemibhobho yokufudumeza.
Xa kuthelekiswa nezinto zokwakha zemveli kunye nezanamhlanje, ngenxa yenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji kunye nokuvela kweemfuno zezakhiwo, izixhobo zokwakha zale mihla zibonelela ngezibonelelo ezingaphezulu kunezo zemveli. Ngenxa yoko, bathathe indawo ephambili kuyilo lwangoku, ngelixa izixhobo zokwakha zemveli zisetyenziswa kwindima eyongezelelweyo. Izinto zokwakha zale mihla ezinje ngentsimbi, isamente, ikhonkrithi, iglasi, kunye neecomposites ziye zaphula imiqobo yobume kunye nobukhulu obubekwe ngezinto zemveli ezifana nelitye, iinkuni, izitena zodongwe kunye ne-lime gypsum. Baye baququzelela ukuphuhliswa kwezakhiwo eziphakamileyo eziphezulu, ezinzulu kwaye bahlangabezana neemfuno zokwakhiwa kwedolophu, ukulungelelanisa kunye neendlela zokukhuselwa kwendalo kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla kuluntu lwanamhlanje.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-31-2023
